Only authorized receiver knows about the actual decryption codes and only able to decrypt it. So it is very much secure and easy method for message I. Vehicle tracking system main aim is to give Security to all vehicles. Accident alert system main aim is to rescuing people in III. This is improved security systems for vehicles. The latest like GPS are highly useful nowadays, this system enables A.
Block Diagram the owner to observe and track his vehicle and find out vehicle movement and its past activities of vehicle. This new technology, popularly called vehicle Tracking Systems which created many wonders in the security of the vehicle.
This hardware is fitted on to the vehicle in such a manner that it is not visible to anyone who is inside or outside of the vehicle. Thus it is used as a covert unit which continuously or by any interrupt to the system, sends the location data to the monitoring unit. When the vehicle is stolen, the location data from tracking system can be used to find the location and can be informed to police for further action. Some Vehicle tracking System can even detect unauthorized movements of the vehicle and then alert the owner.
This gives an edge over other pieces of technology for the same Fig 1: Block diagram of security system purpose. This accident alert system in it detects the accident and the location of the accident occurred and sends GPS coordinates to the specified mobile, computer etc.
Car navigation. Location Based Services enabled devices. These systems are used for operational functions such as routing, security, dispatch and collecting on-board information. Block Description These are also used for fire detector in large vehicles like train, bus etc. A GSM modem is used to send These are just a few advantages of the project that has been the position Latitude and Longitude of the vehicle from a introduced in this report. We can interface more number of remote place.
The GPS modem will continuously give the data sensors in order to serve multiple purposes. The microcontroller i. The same data is sent to the mobile at the other end from where the position of the vehicle is demanded.
Vehicle Tracking System is one of the biggest bomb detector. By keeping the kits in the The security system uses Global Positioning System GPS, to find entire vehicles and byknowing the locations of all the vehicles.
At monitoring center VII. In this Main motto of the project is to incorporate different types of way the Vehicle owners are able to track their vehicle on a real- sensors so that they help in decrease the chances of losing life in time basis.
Whenever systems are becoming increasingly popular among owners of accident is alerted the paramedics are reached to the particular expensive vehicles. This vehicle tracking and accident alert feature plays much more important role in day to day life in future. The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance will fall within a manufacturing tolerance.
There are three basic types of resistor. A rheostat is a resistor that can be changed in resistance value without opening the circuit to make adjustment. A potentiometer is an adjustable resistor with three terminals, on at each end of the resistor element and thin movable along its length. There are three basic types of resistors: 1. Carbon composite resistors 2.
Wire wound resistors 3. Carbon-Film resistors. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors plates separated by a dielectric i. The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, oxide layer etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
Unlike aresistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates. A varying current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field at the secondary induces a varying electromotive force EMF or voltage in the secondary winding.
Making use of Faraday's Law in conjunction with high magnetic permeability core properties, transformers can thus be designed to efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage level to another within power networks.
Transformers range in size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimetre in volume to units interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons. A wide range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Since the invention in of the first constant potential transformer, transformers have become essential for the AC transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical energy.
It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.
It is used for converting an alternating current AC input into a direct current DC output. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit ALU , allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. In Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping.
This allows very fast start-up combined with low-power consumption. From the mobile operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone. For the purpose of this document, the term GSM modem is used as a generic term to refer to any modem that supports one or more of the protocols in the GSM evolutionary family, including the 2.
The Global Positioning System GPS is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of a minimum of 24, but currently 30, satellites placed into orbit by the U. Department of Defense. Military action was the original intent for GPS, but in the s, the U. The satellite data is free and works anywhere in the world. The drivers provide RS voltage level outputs approx. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.
It formally defines the signals connecting between a DTE data terminal equipment such as a computer terminal, and a DCE data circuit-terminating equipment, originally defined as data communication equipment , such as a modem.
The RS standard is commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pinout of connectors. An RS serial port was once a standard feature of a personal computer, used for connections to modems, printers, mice, data storage, uninterruptible power supplies, and other peripheral devices.
However, RS is hampered by low transmission speed, large voltage swing, and large standard connectors. Many computers do not come equipped with RS- ports and must use either an external USB-to-RS converter or an internal expansion card with one or more serial ports to connect to RS peripherals. Nevertheless, RS devices are still used, especially in industrial machines, networking equipment and scientific instruments. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly.
LCDs are available to display arbitrary images as in a general-purpose computer display or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.
LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage.
They are common in consumer devices such as DVD players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones, and have replaced cathode ray tube CRT displays in most applications. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery- powered electronic equipment. It is a pn-junction diode, which emits light when activated. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light corresponding to the energy of the photon is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.
Infrared sensors are also capable of measuring the heat being emitted by an object and detecting motion. The thermal mass and conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow of heat into the element. All heat detectors have this thermal lag. Heat detectors have two main classifications of operation, "rate-of-rise" and "fixed temperature.
Thus a PCB designer has to first think of the very possible combination of voltages that are required by the circuit and make them available at points where they are needed with the minimum use of jumpers and keeping the circuit size compact and yet effective.
The layout of PCB has to incorporate all the information on the board before one can go on the artwork preparation. This means that a concept, which clearly defines all the details of the circuitry and partly of final equipment, is a prerequisite before the actual layout can start. For PCB layout, the following points ought to be considered carefully 1. Record size of components used. Overall area covered is normally kept rectangular or square.
Vcc and ground lines should be provided at the sides to facilitate external connection. Input and output terminals may be placed giving through to external connection. Make a rough sketch placing components and interconnect components with jumpers. Do not place components pointing in differed direction unless needed.
Make them parallel to the either side of the board. Make the neat final scaled sketch on the inch graph sheet. Lines mounted are of uniform width. Invest the layout to confirm that all the components are connected properly and given sufficient place in the layout. Note: While following the above rule, a design must be chosen to minimize the total circuit area used.
Tracing After the circuit layout has been prepared on the tracing paper, inverting the tracing paper onto the PCB so that the side that had been traced faces the PCB copper coating. Then trace the layout onto the PCB placing a carbon paper in between the two.
Painting Paint must be uniformly applied. Use 0 number painting brushes for painting PCB layout. Etching In all PCBs, etching is the most important step. The final copper pattern is formed by selective removal of all unwanted copper which is not protected by an etch resist. Amongst the Enchants, FeCl3 Ferric Chloride is commonly used for small PCBs where etching is only out carried out occasionally for a small number of boards.
In order to increases the copper dissolution capacity and to bring the etching time slightly down, HCL is added. FeCl3 is an enchant used in small-scale PCB production. In order to increase the copper dissolving capacity and to bring the etching time slightly down, often HCL is added.
HCL acts simultaneously against excessive sludge formation. After etching is over the Ferric Chloride contained surface should be first cleaned by spraying water, which is not enough. Then we rinse it by using petrol so that the paint comes out and copper remains intact where the paint was applied.
The copper acts as conduction path for flow of signals. The high corrosive nature of Ferric chloride leads to short etching time and avoid under etching.
Chemistry Due to hydrolysis reaction, free acid is formed which reacts with copper. Drilling Drilling of holes for mounting components is important mechanical operation in PCB production process. After rinsing drilling is done using bit as per the circuit provided. The diameters of holes generally accepted are as follows.
Component Mounting 1. Before mounting any components, examine the PCB carefully for any cracks, beaks or other defects in conduction paths. The leads of components like resistors and capacitors should be fully inserted into the mounting holes taking care to mount the components so that any information written on the components is clearly visible. Carefully cut the leads of components so that about 3 mm of the end extended beyond the wiring side of the PCB.
The ends of the leas are bent at right angles to make a firm contact with the surface where it is to be soldered. In case of semiconductor devices like transistors and diodes, the length of the leads extending above the component side of the PCB should be about 1 cm.
Metal cap should touch if they are not at ground potential. The right terminals should be at right places. Certain components like transformers, potentiometers and variable capacitors, which are meant for use with PCB, are provided with pin type terminals that can be simply inserted into the hole in the PCB and soldered. Use IC base for IC. Soldering PCB soldering required proper soldering technique, as explained below: 1.
A light duty soldering iron of 25W or 30 W rating should be used to prevent damage to the printed circuit wiring due to excessive heating. The tip of soldering iron should not have an oxide coating. Clean it using sand paper. Do not use excess solder to avoid solder flouring to adjacent conducing paths forming bridges, which cause short circuits.
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